Key publications

Elsey, J.W.B., Van Ast, V.A., & Kindt, M. (2018). Human memory reconsolidation: A guiding framework and critical review of the evidence. Psychological bulletin, 144(8), 797-848. (abstract)

Kindt, M., & Soeter, M. (2018). Pharmacologically induced amnesia for learned fear is time and sleep dependent. Nature communications, 9(1), 1316. (abstract)

Soeter, M., & Kindt, M. (2015). An abrupt transformation of phobic behavior following a post-retrieval amnesic agent. Biological Psychiatry, 78, 880-886. (abstract)

Ast, V.A. van, Cornelisse, S., Meeter, M., Joels, M., & Kindt, M. (2013). Time-dependent effects of cortisol on the contextualization of emotional memories. Biological Psychiatry, 74, 809-816. (abstract)

Sevenster, D., Beckers, T., & Kindt, M. (2013). Prediction error governs pharmacologically induced amnesia for learned fear. Science, 339, 830-833. (abstract)

Visser, R.M., Scholte, H.S., Beemsterboer, T., & Kindt, M. (2013). Neural pattern similarity predicts long-term fear memory. Nature Neuroscience, 16, 388-390. (abstract)

Kindt, M., Soeter, M., & Vervliet, B. (2009). Beyond extinction: erasing human fear responses and preventing the return of fear. Nature Neuroscience, 12, 256-258. (abstract)

Other publications

2023

Freund, I.M., Peters, J., Kindt, M., & Visser, R.M. (2023). Emotional memory in the lab: Using the Trier Social Stress Test to induce a sensory-rich and personally meaningful episodic experience. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 148, 105971.

2022

de Vries, O.T., Grasman, R.P.P.P., Kindt, M., & van Ast, V A. (2022). Threat learning impairs subsequent associative inference. Scientific Reports, 12,(18878). Open access

Cox, W.R., Meeter, M., Kindt, M., & van Ast, V.A. (2022). Time-dependent emotional memory transformation: Divergent pathways of item memory and contextual dependency.Journal of Experimental Psychology: General.

Cox, W. R., Faliagkas, L., Besseling, A., van der Loo, R. J., Spijker, S., Kindt, M., & Rao-Ruiz, P. (2022). Interfering with contextual fear memories by post-reactivation administration of propranolol in mice: a series of null findings. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 16, 893572.

Cox, W. R., Woelk, M., de Vries, O. T., Krypotos, A-M., Kindt, M., Engelhard, I. M., Sevenster, D., & van Ast, V A. (2022). Context reexposure to bolster contextual dependency of emotional episodic memory. Preprint (PsyArXiv)

Filmer, A.I., Peters, J., Bridge, L.A., Visser, R.M., & Kindt, M. (2022). Over the Edge: Extending the duration of a reconsolidation intervention for spider fear. Translational Psychiatry, 12(1), 1-10. Open access

Freund, I.M., Arntz, A., Visser, R.M., & Kindt, M. (2022). Jumping back onto the giants’ shoulders: Why emotional memory should be considered in a network perspective of psychopathology. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 156, 104154.

Peters, J., Visser, R.M., & Kindt, M. (2022). More than just fear: Development and psychometric evaluation of the Spider Distress Scale to assess spider fear and spider-related disgust. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 90.

Reinhold, F.L., Gerlicher, A.M., van Someren, E.J., & Kindt, M. (2022). Do your troubles today seem further away than yesterday? On sleep’s role in mitigating the blushing response to a reactivated embarrassing episode. Sleep, 45(11), zsac220.

Stemerding, L.E., Stibbe, D., van Ast, V.A. & Kindt, M. (2022). Demarcating the boundary conditions of memory reconsolidation: An unsuccessful replication. Scientific Reports, 12(1), 1-13. Open access

Stemerding, L.E., Gerlicher, A.M., van Ast, V.A. & Kindt, M. (2022). Pupil dilation and skin conductance as measures of prediction error in aversive learning. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 157, 104164.

de Vries, O., Duken, S. B., Dzinalija, N., Kindt, M., & van Ast, V. A. (2022, December 6). ‘Episodic Conditioning’: a novel approach to study the intersection of Pavlovian threat conditioning and episodic memory. Preprint (PsyArXiv)

2021

Cox, W.R., Dobbelaar, S., Meeter, M., Kindt, M., & van Ast, V.A (2021). Episodic memory enhancement versus impairment is determined by contextual similarity across events. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 118(48), e2101509118

Duken, S.B., Keessen, L., Hoijtink, H., Kindt, M., & van Ast, V.A. (2021, April 28). Episodic and affective memory distortions in dysphoria: Bayesian testing of diverging theories [Registered Report Stage 1 Protocol]. In-principle accepted by Nature Communications. OSF

Duken, S. B., Neumayer, F., Kindt, M., Oosterwijk, S., & van Ast, V. A. (2021, September 4). Reliving emotional memories: Episodic recollection elicits affective psychophysiological responses.Preprint (PsyArXiv)

Elsey, J.W B. (2021). Optogenetic manipulation of maladaptive memory–new challenges or new solutions for personal authenticity?. AJOB neuroscience, 12(1), 27-29.

Elsey, J.W B. & Kindt M. (2021). Expectations of objective threats and aversive feelings in specific fears. Scientific Reports, 11(20778), 1-15.

2020

Elsey, J.W.B., Bekker, T.A., De Bree, A.M., & Kindt, M. (2020). Encoding or consolidation? The effects of pre-and post-learning propranolol on the impact of an emotional scene. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 67, 101480.

Elsey, J.W.B., Filmer, A.I., Galvin, H.R., Kurath, J.D., Vossoughi, L., Thomander, L.S., Zavodnik, M. & Kindt, M. (2020). Reconsolidation-based treatment for fear of public speaking: a systematic pilot study using propranolol. Translational Psychiatry, 10(1), 1-12.

Elsey, J.W.B., Metselaar, V.N., Geiser, E., Knoop, D.F., Gangadien, S.M., Schrijver, N.A., ... & Kindt, M. (2020). Reality Cheque: Different Methods of Eliciting Fear-Related Beliefs Reveal Multiple Representations of Threat. Preprint (PsyArXiv)

Gazendam, F.J., Krypotos, A.M., Kamphuis, J.H., van der Leij, A.R., Huizenga, H.M., Eigenhuis, A., & Kindt, M. (2020). From adaptive to maladaptive fear: Heterogeneity in threat and safety learning across response systems in a representative sample. International journal of psychophysiology, 158, 271-287.

Visser, R.M. (2020). Why Do Certain Moments Haunt Us? Conceptualizing Intrusive Memories as Conditioned Responses. Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, 5(4), 375-376.

2019

Das, R.K., Gale, G., Walsh, K., Hennessy, V.E., Iskandar, G., Mordecai, L.A., Brandner, B., Kindt, M., Curran, H.V., & Kamboj, S.K. (2019). Ketamine can reduce harmful drinking by pharmacologically rewriting drinking memories. Nature Communications, 10(1), 1-10.

Kunze, A.E., Arntz, A., & Kindt, M. (2019). Investigating the effects of imagery rescripting on emotional memory: A series of analogue studies. Journal of Experimental Psychopathology, 10(2), 2043808719850733.

Kunze, A.E., Lancee, J., Morina, N., Kindt, M., & Arntz, A. (2019). Mediators of change in imagery rescripting and imaginal exposure for nightmares: Evidence from a randomized wait-list controlled trial. Behavior therapy, 50(5), 978-993.

2018

De Haan, M.I.C., Van Well, S., Visser, R.M., Van Wingen, G., Scholte, H.S., & Kindt, M., (2018). The influence of acoustic startle probes on the neural basis of fear memory. Scientific Reports, 8, 14552.

Elsey, J.W.B., Van Ast, V.A., & Kindt, M. (2018). Human memory reconsolidation: A guiding framework and critical review of the evidence. Psychological bulletin.

Kindt, M., & Soeter, M. (2018). Pharmacologically induced amnesia for learned fear is time and sleep dependent. Nature communications, 9(1), 1316.

Elsey, J.W.B., & Kindt, M. (2018). Can criminals use propranolol to erase crime-related memories? A response to McGorrery (2017). Alternative Law Journal, 43(2), 136-138.

Faliagkas, L., Rao-Ruiz, P., & Kindt, M. (2018). Emotional memory expression is misleading: delineating transitions between memory processes. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, 19, 116-112.

Kindt, M. (2018). The surprising subtleties of changing fear memory: a challenge for translational science. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B, 373(1742), 20170033.

2017

Arnaudova, I., Krypotos, A. M., Effting, M., Kindt, M., & Beckers, T. (2017). Manipulating affective state influences conditioned appetitive responses. Cognition and Emotion, 1-20.

Arnaudova, I., Krypotos, A. M., Effting, M., Kindt, M., & Beckers, T. (2017). Fearing shades of grey: individual differences in fear responding towards generalisation stimuli. Cognition and Emotion, 31(6), 1181-1196.

Arnaudova, I., Fanselow, M., Kindt, M., & Beckers, T. (2017). Pathways towards the proliferation of avoidance in anxiety and their implications for treatment. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 96, 3-13.

Arnaudova, I., Krypotos, A.M., Effting, M., Kindt, M., & Beckers, T. (2017). Moving threat: Attention and distance change interact in threat responding. Emotion, 17, 251-258.

Beckers, T., & Kindt, M. (2017). Memory reconsolidation interference as an emerging treatment for emotional disorders: strengths, limitations, challenges and opportunities. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 13, 99-121.

Elsey, J.W.B. & Kindt, M. (2017). Tackling maladaptive memories through reconsolidation: From neural to clinical science. Neurobiology of Learning & Memory, 142, 108-117.

Elsey, J.W.B., & Kindt, M. (2017). Breaking boundaries: Optimizing reconsolidation-based interventions for strong and old memories. Learning & Memory, 24, 472-479.

Golkar, A., Tjaden, C., & Kindt, M. (2017). Vicarious extinction learning during reconsolidation neutralizes fear memory. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 92, 87-93.

Kunze, A.E., Arntz, A., Morina, N., Kindt, M., & Lancee, J. (2017). Efficacy of Imagery Rescripting and Imaginal Exposure for Nightmares: A randomized wait-list controlled trial. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 97, 14-25.

Kunze, A., Arntz, A., Morina, N., Kindt, M., & Lancee, J. (2017). Treatment efficacy of imagery rescripting and imaginal exposure for nightmares. Evidence from a randomized wait-list controlled trial. Sleep Medicine, 40, e178.

Schroyens, N., Beckers, T., & Kindt, M. (2017). In search for boundary condition of reconsolidation: A failure of fear memory interference. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00065.

Sevenster, D., Haesen, K., Vervliet, B., Kindt, M., & D’Hooge, R. (2017). Prevention and treatment strategies for contextual overgeneralization. Scientific reports, 7(1), 16967.

2016

Arnaudova, I., Krypotos, A.M., Kindt, M., & Beckers, T. (2016). Fearing shades of grey: individual differences in fear responding towards generalisation stimuli. Cognition & Emotion, 1-16.

Elsey, J.W.B., & Kindt, M. (2016). Manipulating human memory through reconsolidation: Ethical implications of a new therapeutic approach. American Journal of Bioethics – Neuroscience, 7(4), 225-236.

Kindt, M., & van Emmerik, A. (2016). New avenues for treating emotional memory disorders: towards a reconsolidation intervention for posttraumatic stress disorder. Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology, 6, 283-295.

Kunze, A.E., Lancee, J., Morina, N., Kindt, M., & Arntz, A. (2016). Efficacy and mechanisms of imagery rescripting and imaginal exposure for nightmares: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials, 17, 469.

Visser, R.M., de Haan, M.I., Beemsterboer, T., Haver, P., Kindt, M., & Scholte, H.S. (2016). Quantifying learning-dependent changes in the brain: Single trial multivoxel pattern analysis requires slow event related fMRI. Psychophysiology, 53, 1117-1127.

Visser, R.M., Haver, P., Zwitser, R.J., Scholte, H.S., & Kindt, M. (2016). First steps in using multi-voxel pattern analysis to disentangle neural processes underlying generalization of spider fear. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 10, 222.

2015

Gazendam, F.J., Kamphuis, J.H., Eigenhuis, A., Huizenga, H.M.H., Soeter, M., Bos, M.G.N., Sevenster, D., & Kindt, M. (2015). Personality predicts individual variation in fear learning: A multilevel growth modeling approach. Clinical Psychological Science, 1-14.

Krypotos, A.-M., Arnaudova, I., Effting, M., Kindt, M., & Beckers, T. (2015). Effects of approach-avoidance training on the extinction and return of fear responses. PloS One, 10, e0131581.

Krypotos, A.-M., Beckers, T., Kindt, M., & Wagenmakers,E.J. (2015). A bayesian hierarchical diffusion model decomposition of performance in approach-avoidance tasks. Cognition & Emotion, 29, 1424-1444.

Krypotos, A.-M., Effting, M., Kindt, M., & Beckers, T. (2015). Avoidance learning: A review of theoretical models and recent developments. Frontiers in Behavioural Neuroscience, doi: 10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00189.

Kunze, A., Arntz, A., & Kindt, M. (2015). Fear conditioning with film clips: A complex associative learning paradigm. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 47, 42-50.

Raabe, S., Ehring, T., Marquenie, L., Olff, M. & Kindt, M. (2015). Imagery rescripting as a stand-alone treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder related to childhood abuse. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 48, 170-176.

Sevenster, D., Hamm, A., Beckers, T., & Kindt, M. (2015). Heart rate pattern and resting heart rate variability mediate individual differences in contextual anxiety and conditioned responses. International Journal of Psychophysiology, doi: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2015.09.004.

Soeter, M., & Kindt, M. (2015). An abrupt transformation of phobic behavior following a post-retrieval amnesic agent. Biological Psychiatry, 78, 880-886.

Soeter, M., & Kindt, M. (2015). Retrieval cues that trigger reconsolidation of associative fear memory are not necessarily an exact replica of the original learning experience. Frontiers in Behavioural Neuroscience, doi: 10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00122.

Visser, R. M., Kunze, A. E., Westhoff, B., Scholte, H. S., & Kindt, M. (2015). Representational similarity analysis offers a preview of the noradrenergic modulation of long-term fear memory at the time of encoding. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 55, 8-20.

2014

Ast, V.A. van, Cornelisse, S., Meeter, M., & Kindt, M. (2014). Cortisol mediates the effects of stress on the contextual dependency of memories. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 41, 97-110.

Bos, M.G.N., Schuijer, J., Lodestijn, F., Beckers, T. & Kindt, M. (2014). Stress enhances reconsolidation of declarative memory. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 46, 102-113.

Bos, M.G.N., Jacobs van Goethem, T., Beckers, T. & Kindt, M. (2014). Cortisol response mediates the effect of post-reactivation stress exposure on contextualization of emotional memories. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 50, 72-84.

Bos, M.G.N., Beckers, T. & Kindt, M. (2014). Noradrenergic blockade of memory reconsolidation: A failure to reduce conditioned fear responding. Frontiers in Behavioural Neuroscience, 8, 412.

Cornelisse, S., Ast, V.A. van, Joels, M., & Kindt, M. (2014). Delayed effects of cortisol enhance fear memory of trace conditioning. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 40, 257-268.

Kindt, M., & Soeter, M. (2014). Fear inhibition in high trait anxiety. PLoS ONE, 9(1), e86462.

Kindt, M., Soeter, M. & Sevenster, D. (2014). Disrupting reconsolidation of fear memory in humans by a noradrenergic β-blocker. Journal of Visualized Experiments, 94, e52151, doi: 10.3791/52151.

Kindt, M. (2014). A behavioural neuroscience perspective on the aetiology and treatment of anxiety disorders. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 62, 24-36.

Krypotos, A.-M., Effting, M., Arnaudova, I., Kindt, M., & Beckers, T. (2014). Avoided by association: Acquisition, extinction, and renewal of avoidance tendencies toward conditioned fear stimuli. Clinical Psychological Science, 2, 336-343.

Salemink, E., Kindt, M., Rienties, H., & Hout, M. van den (2014). Internet-based cognitivebias modification of interpretations in patients with anxiety disorders: A randomised controlled trial. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 45, 186-195.

Sevenster, D., Beckers, T. & Kindt, M. (2014). Fear conditioning of SCR but not the startle reflex requires conscious discrimination of threat and safety. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 8, article 32, 1-9.

Sevenster, D., Beckers, T., & Kindt, M. (2014). Prediction error demarcates the transition from retrieval, to reconsolidation, to new learning. Learning and Memory, 21, 580-584.

2013

Arnaudova, I., Krypotos, A.-M., Effting, M., Boddez, Y., Kindt, M., & Beckers, T. (2013). Individual differences in discriminatory fear learning under conditions of ambiguity: A vulnerability factor for anxiety disorders? Frontiers in Psychology, 4, article 298, 1-9.

Ast, V.A. van, Cornelisse, S., Meeter, M., Joels, M., & Kindt, M. (2013). Time-dependent effects of cortisol on the contextualization of emotional memories. Biological Psychiatry, 74, 809-816.

Beckers, T., Krypotos, A.-M., Boddez, Y., Effting, M., & Kindt, M. (2013). What's wrong with fear conditioning? Biological Psychology, 92, 90-96.

Bos, M.G.N., Jentgens, P., Beckers, T. & Kindt, M. (2013). Psychophysiological response patterns to affective film stimuli. PLoS ONE, 8, e62661.

Effting, M, Vervliet, B., Beckers, T., & Kindt, M. (2013). Cued reacquisition trials during extinction weaken contextual renewal in human predictive learning. Learning and Motivation, 44, 184-195.

Gazendam, F.J., Kamphuis, J.H., & Kindt, M. (2013). Deficient safety learning characterizes high trait anxious individuals. Biological Psychology, 92, 342-352.

Kindt, M., & Soeter, M. (2013). Reconsolidation in a human fear conditioning study: a test of extinction as updating mechanism. Biological Psychology, 92(1), 43-50.

Sevenster, D., Beckers, T., & Kindt, M. (2013). Prediction error governs pharmacologically induced amnesia for learned fear. Science, 339, 830-833.

Soeter, M., & Kindt, M. (2012). High trait anxiety: a challenge for disrupting fear memory reconsolidation. PLoS ONE, 8, e75239.

Visser, R.M., Scholte, H.S., Beemsterboer, T., & Kindt, M. (2013). Neural pattern similarity predicts long-term fear memory. Nature Neuroscience, 16, 388-390.

2012

Ast, V.A. van, Vervliet, B., & Kindt, M. (2012). Contextual control over expression of fear is affected by cortisol. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 6, article 67, 1-14.

Bos, M.G.N., Beckers, T., & Kindt, M. (2012). The effects of noradrenergic blockade on extinction in humans. Biological Psychology, 89, 598-605.

Gazendam, F.J., & Kindt, M. (2012). Worrying affects associative fear learning: A startle fear conditioning study. PLoS ONE, 7, e34882.

Sevenster, D., Beckers, T., & Kindt, M. (2012). Retrieval per se is not sufficient to trigger reconsolidation of human fear memory. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 97, 338-345.

Sevenster, D., Beckers, T., & Kindt, M. (2012). Instructed extinction differentially affects the emotional and cognitive expression of associative fear memory. Psychophysiology, 49, 1426-1435.

Soeter, M., & Kindt, M. (2012). Stimulation of the noradrenergic system during memory formation impairs extinction learning but not the disruption of reconsolidation. Neuropsychopharmacology, 37, 1204-1215.

Soeter, M., & Kindt, M. (2012). Erasing fear for an imagined threat event. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 37, 1769-1779.

Well, S. van, Visser, R.M., Scholte, H.S., & Kindt, M. (2012). Neural substrates of individual differences in human fear learning: evidence from concurrent fMRI, fear-potentiated startle, and US-expectancy data. Cognitive, Affective and Behavioural Neuroscience, 12, 499-512.

2011

Krugers, H.J., Zhou, M., Joels, M., & Kindt, M. (2011). Regulation in excitatory synapses and fearful memories by stress hormones. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 5, article 62, 1-11.

Krypotos, A.-M., Jahfari, S., Ast, V. van, Kindt, M., & Forstmann, B.U. (2011). Individual differences in heart rate variability predict the degree of slowing during response inhibition and initiation in the presence of emotional stimuli. Frontiers in Psychology, 2, article 278, 1-8.

Soeter, M., & Kindt, M. (2011) Disrupting reconsolidation: Pharmacological and behavioral manipulations. Learning and Memory, 18,, 357-366.

Soeter, M., & Kindt, M. (2011). Noradrenergic enhancement of associative fear memory in humans. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 96, 263-271.

Visser, R.M, Scholte, H.S., & Kindt, M. (2011). Associative learning increases trial-by-trial similarity of BOLD-MRI patterns. The Journal of Neuroscience, 31, 12021-12028.

Zhou, M., Kindt, M., Joels, M., & Krugers H.J. (2011). Blocking mineralocorticoid receptors prior to retrieval reduces contextual fear memory in mice. PloS ONE, 6, e26220.

2010

Effting, M., Vervliet, B., & Kindt, M. (2010). Retrospective revaluation effects following serial compound training and target extinction. Learning and Motivation, 41, 67-83.

Salemink, E., Hout, M., van den, & Kindt, M. (2010). Generalisation of modified interpretive bias across tasks and domains. Cognition and Emotion, 24, 453-464.

Salemink, E., Hout, M., van den, & Kindt, M. (2010). How does cognitive bias modification affect anxiety? Mediation analyses and experimental data. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 38, 59-66.

Soeter, M., & Kindt, M. (2010). Dissociating response systems: Erasing fear from memory. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 94, 30-41.

Stegeren, A.H. van, Roozendaal, B., Kindt, M. , Wolf, O.T., & Joels, M. (2010). Interacting noradrenergic and corticosteroid systems shift human brain activation patterns during encoding. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 93, 56-65.

Vervliet, B., Kindt, M., Vansteenwegen, D., & Hermans, D. (2010). Fear generalization in humans: Impact of verbal instructions. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 48, 38-43.

Vervliet, B., Kindt, M., Vansteenwegen, D., & Hermans, D. (2010). Fear generalization in humans: Impact of prior non-fearful experiences. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 48, 1078-1084.

2009

Buck, N., Kindt, M. & Hout, M., van den (2009). The effects of conceptual processing versus suppression on analogue PTSD symptoms after a distressing film. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 37, 195-206.

Karsdorp, P.A., Kindt, M., Rietveld, S., Everaerd, W., & Mulder, B.J.M. (2009). False heart rate feedback and the perception of heart symptoms in patients with congenital heart disease and anxiety. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 16, 81-88.

Kindt, M., Soeter, M., & Vervliet, B. (2009). Beyond extinction: erasing human fear responses and preventing the return of fear. Nature Neuroscience, 12, 256-258.

Salemink, E., Hout, M. van den, & Kindt, M. (2009). Effects of positive interpretive bias modification in highly anxious individuals. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 23, 676-683.